236 BUTTER-MAKING. 
the speed is so great as to cause the cream to be influenced by 
the centrifugal force generated, rotating it with the churn, 
then no agitation will take place. Consequently the churning 
process will be delayed, if not entirely prevented. If the 
speed of the churn is too slow, the degree of agitation of 
the cream will not be at its maximum, as the cream will tend 
to remain at the lowest portion of the churn without being 
agitated. 
In the old-fashioned dash-churn the cream was not exposed 
to much agitation. In Europe the upright barrel-churn with 
rotary stirrers inside is mostly used. It takes longer to churn 
in this churn than in American churns. However, it gives good 
satisfaction. 
The proper speed of the combined churn,—that is, the speed 
at which the greatest degree of agitation is brought about,— 
cannot be given here, as it varies with the different diameters 
of the churns. The directions given with the churns from the 
manufacturing companies should be followed. So far as known 
the quality and composition of butter obtained from churning 
at a low speed, and at a rapid speed, do not vary. 
Size of Fat-globules.—Cream containing large fat-globules 
churns more quickly than cream containing small globules. A 
more exhaustive churning can also be obtained from cream 
containing mostly large globules. It is, however, impossible 
to obtain cream which does not contain any of the small globules. 
The minute globules are always difficult to remove from the 
serum, whether it be in the churning or in the separation. In 
the churning there is a certain force which always tends to hold 
the globules in place. This force acts in a correspondingly 
greater degree upon the small globules. They are held in 
position and move only when the cream is exposed to agitation. 
Cream containing larger globules allows them to escape from 
their position with greater ease than does cream containing 
the minute globules. The globules which are not removed from 
the buttermilk during the churning process are largely of the 
small type. 
