CHAPTER XI 
KASHMIR AND ASSAM 
In the autumn of 1905 we started for a tour in the 
forests of Kashmir. I have already indicated in 
general terms the position that the rulers of native 
States in India occupy as regards the catchment 
area of its main rivers ; and, in fact, the upper catch- 
ment areas of the Indus, Jhelam, and Chend4b, lie in 
Kashmir territory, that of the Beds in British India, 
and that of the Sutlej in the native State of Bashahr. 
Thus, though the Panjab is watered by five rivers, 
as its name denotes, and though it bears on its pro- 
vincial arms a primitive rendering of this fact, only 
one of these streams is controlled by its Government. 
Farther east, the Jumna and the Ganges flow in the 
earlier portion of their courses through the native 
State of Tehri-Garhwéal, and from thence onwards 
to the most easterly boundary of India the rivers 
that flow from the north have their origin, with few 
exceptions, in foreign territory. Towards the centre 
and south of the Peninsula the same conditions 
prevail to some extent; for instance, the Cauvery 
River rises in Mysore, and there are many others 
whose names any suitable modern atlas will dis- 
close, the result being that British enterprise, 
whether this includes irrigation, agriculture, plant- 
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