i.\nj-:x 



Lenf , in-otef tioii of, against animals by Lit- 

 ter taste, 222, 223, 



— — — — — hairs, 221. 



— — — — — hugging the ground, 223. 



— — — — — poisonous substances, 222. 

 pricliles, 221. 



— spines, 221, 334. 



teeth, 222, 334. 



— texture, 223. 



thorns, 221. 



enwrapping, 251, 2iil, 



drying, by hairs, 213, 333, 33 1,* 



33.').* 



position, 217, 218.* 



reduction of surface, 21.'), 



3.32, 342.* 

 — — in number of stomata, 



21.->, 23.5, 336.* 



— — rolling, folding, etc., 213, 



:i34. 



— — — sunten stnuiata, 215, 33ri, 



337.* 



thicker cuticle, V.a, 334,* 



3117,* 3;iK.* 



— — — — — water - proof substances, 



214, 2.-1I, 333, 334.* 



water - retaining substan- 

 ces, 210. 



raises sap, 242. 



respiration of, 1^4, 195. 



scale, 347. 



shade, 344,* 340.* 



sleep position of, 218.* 



starch formation in, 182-203 (182,* 184,* 

 186,* 191,' 192,* 193,* 198,* 199,* 201,* 

 202*). 



starch in, 181, 182,* 183. 



storage of food iu, 260. 



strength of, how secured, 207.* 



sun, 344,* 345.* 



transpiration of, 203*- 206,* 207, 208,* 

 209,* 210,* 211*-218,* 317, 328, 348. 



turns toward light, 217-219. 



unequal growth of opposite sides of, 2.'il. 



variegated, starch in, 185. 



veins of, 198,* 199,* 225, 267.* 



water, 337,* 338,* 339,* ,340.* 



withdrawal of nutriment from, in au- 

 tumn, 332. 



Leaf, work of, 163-285 



See, also, Seed-leaf and Stomata. 

 Leaf green. See Chlorophyll. 

 Leaf-mold, 107. 



— capacity for holding water of, 132. 



— test for humus in, 1,55. 

 Leaf-mosaic, 219. 

 Leaf-scar, 212, 246, 332. 



Leatliery texture protects against animals, 



223. 

 Lenticel, 232,* 278, 279.* 

 Leontodon. See Dandelion. 

 Lettuce, Prickly, sun- and shade-leaves of, 



344.* 

 Levees, protected by plants, 277. 

 Life, length of, in plants, 286. 

 Light, absorbed by leaves, 201. 

 affects absorption of carbon dioxide, 207. 

 chemical action caused by, 182,* 184,* is.',, 



195, 196, 201, 316 364, 382. 

 kills bacteria, 364, 382. 

 effect of, on chlorophyll, 184,* 18.-,, 



— — — color of fruit, 310. 



— — — direction of growth of plant, 



204, 346. 



— — — evaporation from the soil, n.-i 

 eye, 196. 



flowers, 295, 290, 298, 308, 347, 



:!48, 

 form of plant, 184,* l.K'., 201, 327, 



328,* 329,* 344,*.343*-348. 



fruit, 308, 342, 347. 



— fruit and flower production, 347. 



-~ — — germination, 4". 



growth, 253. 



leaves, 184,* 180, 217-219, 344,* 



345,* 346. 



Mould, 394. 



portion of effective in heliotropism, 20.'), 



— starch formation, 196. 



relation of, to self-pruning of trees, etc, 



201. 

 starch formation, 182,* 184,* IS.S 



201. 



stem, 264, 340 



stomata, 207-209. 



transpiration, 207. 



electric, for growing plants, 340. 

 needed by plants, 326. 



