94 STUDIES OF ANIMAL LIFE. 



What does this indicate in regard to the bird's habits ? 



3. What uses for the toes are suggested b}' their shapes ? 



4. Are scales present anywhere on the bird's foot? 

 Why should birds sometimes possess " scales " like 



reptiles ? 



F. Feathers. 



1. What is the general arrangement of the feathers 



with regard to each other? 



2. In what direction do the feathers extend? Why? 



3. Compare, — 



(a) wing feathers ; 

 (S) tail feathers ; 



(c) contour feathers. (These feathers are the ones 

 that give shape to the body of the bird.) 



4. How are feathers better than scales ? 



Gr. Drawings. 



1. The lateral view of the head. 



2. The dorsal view of the beak. 



3. A foot. 



H. Original Observations. 



Make any original observations about this bird that 

 will indicate your keenness of insight. 



5. A STUDY OF VERTEBRATE EXOSKELETONS. 

 A. The Scales of the Perch. 



1. Are the scales embedded in the skin or do they lie 



upon its surface ? 



2. What parts of the fish are not covered with scales? 



3. Are such parts protected in any other way? 



