140 GARDENS OF ENGLAND 



Arte of Gardening, but a year or two later in 

 Liyte's Herball (1578) they occur as garden flowers. 

 By Gerard we are introduced to the double paigle, 

 " so commonly knowne that it needeth no descrip- 

 tion " and " cowslips two-in-hose " appear for the 

 first time. In the Paradisus nine sorts of cowslips 

 are described, of which the primrose cowslip is not 

 improbably a polyanthus, and here occur names which 

 recall pleasant memories of the old-fashioned flowers 

 of childhood days. We may mention the " curl'd 

 cowslips " or " Gallegaskins, in which the calyx was 

 crumpled and frilled like the garment of that name 

 then worn, Hose-in-hose ; the Franticke and Foolish 

 cowslip, or Jack-an-apes on horsebacke," which had 

 the calyx developed into leaf-like forms (the Jack- 

 an-apes of Gerard is noted in his Herbal as an 

 oxlip), also "the Greene Rose cowslips or double 

 greene feathered cowslip." From the description 

 the " flower " of this was simply the calyx of an 

 abnormal size and shape, divided into many narrow 

 leaves. Rea notes a great variety in the colours of 

 the cowslip, of which one was a hose-in-hose. By 

 the beginning of the eighteenth century cowslips 

 appear to have gone out of fashion as garden flowers, 

 or rather perhaps they were superseded by the poly- 

 anthus. The primrose is in several respects a finer 



