93 
gress is exceedingly obliged to him for having undertaken to 
preside over this discussion. 
The CHAIRMAN: Gentlemen—We have to get through a 
large amount of work this morning, and I think we had better 
begin at once by my calling upon Mr. Evans to read the 
paper prepared by Dr. Sansom and himself on ‘‘ Tropical 
Hygiene and Plantation Work in the Federated Malay 
States.” Discussion will follow the reading of the paper, 
and I hope that many of you will express your views on this 
very important matter. 
NOTES ON TROPICAL HYGIENE AND PLANTATION WORK IN 
THE FEDERATED MALAY STATES. 
By C. L. Sansom, 
Principal Medical Officer, Federated Malay States, 
AND 
F. D. Evans, 
Executive Engineer, Malaria Advisory Board, Federated 
Malay States. 
[ ABSTRACT. | 
It is not proposed to discuss at length all the problems of 
hygiene and preventive medicine which arise in connection with 
tropical plantation work, but to mention briefly the most 
interesting and important experiences and general conclusions 
arrived at in the Federated Malay States, and in particular to 
describe the anti-malarial work which is being carried out there 
by the Government. 
The labour force for agricultural purposes 1s mainly recruited 
from Southern India under a system of free immigration, and 
the coolies are at liberty to move as they wish. Under a labour 
enactment employers are compelled to provide proper housing, 
water supplies, medical attendance, hospital accommodation, 
and other necessaries to their labour forces, and the good 
health of labour is therefore a matter of great financial import- 
ance to employers. Unhealthy estates are put to greater 
expense in order to obtain labour, pay higher wages, higher 
medical administration charges, and get less work from their 
forces than healthy estates. 
The principal diseases which attack labour forces in the 
tropics are ankylostomiasis, cholera, dysentery, malaria, and 
