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is not an amateur business, but a very highly technical 
business, and that men must be trained for it if they are going 
to have any success at it. That we have learnt in Ireland; 
they have learnt it in England, and they have learnt it in 
Scotland. We have had in these countries, where the whole 
trend of thought had gone against co-operative action, to 
found agricultural organization societies simply and solely 
for the purpose of teaching people who do not understand 
co-operation how to organize co-operative associations for 
every agricultural purpose; and I happen to know that they 
are coming to this view in the United States and in Canada, 
and that schemes are on foot for training organizers to start 
co-operative movements in these countries. I believe that at 
the Tropical Agricultural College which is about to be 
founded somewhere in the Empire, in order that teachers 
qualified to teach scientific principles of agriculture should 
be able to learn how to apply those principles to tropical 
conditions, it is highly important that agricultural co- 
operation should be taught in this College, and that the 
agricultural organizer, even if he has learnt his business, 
as he can learn it in these islands, should go there and learn 
how to organize in the wholly different conditions of the 
tropical countries. 
The following paper was then read :— 
AGRICULTURAL CREDIT BANKS AND CO-OPERATIVE 
SOCIETIES. 
By Sir James Douts, K.C.S.L., 
Late Financial Commissioner in the Punjab. 
[ ABSTRACT. ] 
1. Individualism, socialism, and co-operation. The last 
the true remedy for the evils caused by an exaggerated 
individualism. Co-operation the outcome of strong necessity. 
While well fitted to increase the profits of prosperous people, 
it has at the outset found its home among struggling people. 
2. The birth of the co-operative movement in Europe 
between 1840 and 1850. The English movement started with 
co-operation in distribution for the benefit of artisans, the 
German movement with co-operative credit. 
3. Schulze-Delitzsch and Raiffeisen Banks in Germany. The 
latter the more important in connection with the development 
