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of agricultural credit in tropical countries. Changes of 
type as the movement has progressed in Germany. Develop: 
ment in Germany. 
4. The Casse Rurali of Italy. Experience derived from the 
countries which once formed part of Turkey in Europe, of 
special interest in connection with the prospects of success in 
eastern and tropical countries. Servia, Bulgaria, Rumania, 
Cyprus. 
5. Lessons to be gathered from successes and failures in 
European countries as to: 
(a) The features which are essential in agricultural or rural 
credit societies. 
(bv) The functions of the state in connection with them. 
6. The problem which presents itself in eastern and tropical 
countries not identical with the European problem because of: 
(a) The different character of the people at the present stage 
of their development, and 
(b) The comparative absence of ordinary banking facilities. 
7. Hence experience to be gathered from the Indian Empire, 
a large part of which lies within the tropics, while the rural 
population as a whole is less advanced than that of most 
European countries, should be of special use to a Congress of 
Tropical Agriculture. Further, it must be remembered that 
in some of our tropical Crown Colonies East Indians are now 
an important element in the population, and form a good field 
for the organization of co-operative credit. Reasons why 
author will devote special attention to the Punjab. 
8. The Indian population predominantly rural, being 
engaged either in the tillage of the soil or in handicrafts 
ancillary to tillage. The population of an ordinary Punjab 
village. Distribution of land and general nature of agriculture. 
Q. “Effect on landholding and “cultivation of the establish- 
ment of British rule. 
to. Gradual rise of problem of agricultural Indebtedness. 
Its serious character. 
11. Agricultural State Loans to peasant farmers. Success- 
ful working for sixty years. Analogy of Turkey. 
12. Restrictions on the peasant farmer’s title to alienate his 
land. Analogy of Servia. 
13. Rise of co-operative credit societies. Indian societies 
predominantly agricultural, and attention will be confined to 
societies of that class. 
14. Indian legislation. Acts of 1904 and rg12. 
15. Types of agricultural societies. 
16. Unions and central banks. Ordinary joint-stock banks 
as a source from which money can be borrowed for rural 
societies. 
