348 
Effect is being given to these conceptions, but affairs have 
necessarily reached only an elementary stage as yet. 
The native has been assured an undisturbed possession of 
his land. Transport for his produce is provided by 1,500 miles 
of railway and some 2,500 miles of navigable waterway. A 
new harbour has been built at Port Sudan; the system of roads 
and wells is now extended, and motor traction is being intro- 
duced. Six thousand children are being educated in various 
schools. Slavery has been abolished. 
Irrigation schemes are also being developed in Dongola 
Province for wheat growing, and in Tokar for the cultivation 
of cotton. Kassala offers good prospects for an irrigation 
project, both for cotton production and for cereals. 
Cultivation by means of rainfall in districts where irrigation 
is impossible may be improved in course of time by instruction 
in methods of dry farming, but this must inevitably be a slow 
process. 
The Sudan is not by any means a one-crop country. Its 
pastoral potentialities are very great, and a valuable export 
trade in cattle and sheep has already been established. The 
preparation of meat extract for export is likely to be taken up 
very soon, and should be followed by a frozen meat trade. 
Other Sudan products for which there is a steady and in- 
creasing demand in Europe are oil seeds (t.e., sesame, castor, 
ground nuts), wheat, barley, maize, sorghum, and tanning 
materials. The Sudan is already the largest producer of gum 
arabic, and it possesses an asset, likely to be of great value 
in the future, in its numerous fibre-producing plants. It is 
also a natural habitat of the ostrich, and breeding experiments 
have recently been commenced. 
The country now appears to be well launched on a career of 
progress. 
[ Discussion. ] 
The CHarrman: Gentlemen—We have listened to a most 
interesting and valuable paper. It is a paper which does not 
lend itself to discussion, but probably some of you may wish 
to get further information, and I am sure that Mr. Hewins will 
be very pleased to answer any questions addressed to him. 
Captain Bennetr Dampier: Mr. Chairman—Mr. Hewins told 
us at the end of his address of the very valuable uses of 
papyrus for paper making. I think it might be of interest to 
Mr. Hewins and to other gentlemen here to know that 
experiments have been made with regard to the use of papyrus 
for paper making, and, as a matter of fact, we shall have some 
two tons of papyrus from the Sudan in this country next 
month. ; 
