12 The Forest of the Ancients. 
Asia Minor ; for Cedar to Cilicia; Paphlagonia, Liguria 
and Mauritania became the great wood export countries. 
It is interesting to note that a regular wood market 
existed in Rome, as in Jerusalem, and at the former 
place firewood was sold by the pound (75c per 200 lbs., 
in Cicero’s time). At the same time that the causes of 
devastation were at work the forest area also increased 
in some parts, recovering ground lost through wars and 
the neglect of farms, much less by active effort, although 
planting of trees in parks, vineyards and groves wae 
early practiced to a limited extent. 
As to development of forest property we have also only 
fragmentary information. 
Nomads do not know soil as property. When they 
become settled farmers the plowland, the vineyard or 
olive grove and orchard are recognized as private prop- 
erty, but all the rest remains common property or 
nobody’s in particular; and even the private property 
was not at first entirely exclusive. Hence for a long 
time (and in some parts even to date) the exclusive 
property right in forests is not fully established. At 
least the right to hunt over all territory without restric- 
tion was possessed by everybody, although an owner 
might prevent undesirable hunters from entering his 
enclosed property. The setting aside of hunting grounds 
for private use came into existence only in later Roman 
times. But woodland parks, planted or otherwise, like 
the “paradises” of the Persian kings and the nemora 
of the Romans and Carthaginians were early a part of 
the private property of princes and grandees from which 
others were excluded. 
