26 Germany. 
These were followed by the Germani (supposedly a Cel- 
tic word meaning neighbor or brother), also Aryan 
tribes, who appeared at the Black Sea about 1000 B. C., 
in Switzerland and Belgium about 100 B. OC. These 
were followed by the Slovenes, Slovaks, or Wends, crowd- 
ing on behind, disputing and taking possession of the 
lands left free by or conquered from the Germani. 
Through these migrations the whole of Western Europe 
seems to have been fully peopled about 400 A. D. by 
these tribes of hunters and herders. The mixture of the 
different elements of victcrs and vanquished led to dif- 
ferentiation into three classes of people, economically 
and politically speaking, namely the free, the unfree 
(serfs or slaves), and the freedmen, an important dis- 
tinction in the development of property rights. 
1. Development of Property Conditions. 
The German tribes who remained conquerors were 
composed of the different groups of Franks, Saxons, 
Thuringians, Bajuvarians, Burgundians, etc., each com- 
posed of families aggregated into communal hordes with 
an elected:Duke (duz, Herzog, Graf, First), organized 
for war, each in itself a socialistic and economic organi- 
zation known as Mark, owning a territory in common, 
the members or Markgenossen forming a republic. Out- 
side of house, yard and garden, there was no private 
property; the land surrounding the settlement, known 
as Allmende, was owned in common but assigned in 
parcels to each family for field use, first changing from 
year to year, then becoming a fixed assignment. The 
outlying woods, known as the Marca or Grenzwald, form- 
ing debatable ground with the neighboring tribes, was 
