36 Germany. 
12th and 13th centuries also, stricter order in the fell- 
ings and in forest use was insisted upon in many places. 
In the forest ordinances, which have always reference to 
limited localities, we find prescriptions like the follow- 
ing: The amount to be cut is to be limited to the exact 
needs of each family and the proper use of the wood is 
to be inspected ; the timber is to be marked, must be cut 
in a given time and be removed at once; only dry wood 
is to be used for fuel and the place and time for gather- 
ing it is specially designated, similar to the present prac- 
tice. The best oak and beech are to be preserved (this, 
however, with reference to the mast) and in the Alps 
we find already provisions to reserve larch and pine. 
The charcoal industry is favored (because of easier 
transportation) but permitted only under special pre- 
cautions. Bark peeling and burning for potash is for- 
bidden. The pasture is regulated with regard to the 
young growth, and sheep and goats are excluded. 
Such measures are, to be sure, found only here and 
there where local conditions gave rise to a fear of timber 
famine and such communities may also be found making 
attempts to protect themselves by forbidding the export 
of wood from their territory (similar to our law forbid- 
ding export from the public timberlands in certain terri- 
tories). An amusing restriction of this kind is found 
at Altenstadt where the bakers were forbidden to bake 
bread for any but the citizens of the town. 
The first prohibition of clearings is found at Lorsch in 
the Rhenish country in 1165, and other ordinances with 
such prohibition are on record in other parts in the 13th 
century. In 1237 at Salzburg clearings were prohib- 
ited in the interest of the salt mines, “so that the cut 
