46 Germany. 
desirable to restrict the making of clearings to excep- 
tional necessities, except in the northeastern parts and 
in the distant mountain districts. 
Yet a growing population increased the need for farm 
land, and since intensive use of the existing farm area 
was not attempted until the end of the 18th century, the 
forest had to yield still further. 
3. Methods of Restriction in Forest Use. 
All ordinances issued by the princes to regulate the 
management of their properties contain the prescription, 
that permission of the Landesherr is necessary for clear- 
ings, and that abandoned fields growing up to wood 
were to be kept as woodland, this partly for timber 
needs, partly for considerations of the chase. Still, Fred- 
erick the Great in colonizing East Prussia, expressed 
himself to the effect that he cared more for men than 
for wood, and enjoined his officials especially to colonize 
the woods far from water, which entailed even more 
waste of wood than where transportation to market 
allowed at least partial marketing. 
Improvident clearings proceeded even under his reign 
on the Frische Nehrung between Danzig and Pillau, 
starting the shifting sands of that peninsular. 
In the absence of all knowledge as regards the extent 
of existing supplies or of the increment, and with poor 
means of transportation, at least local distress was 
imminent. . 
To stave off a threatening timber scarcity, regulation 
in the use of wood was attempted by the forest ordi- 
nances, even to the extent of forbidding the hanging out 
of green brush to designate a drinking hall, and the cut- 
