Development of Silviculture. 59 
The method of collecting and keeping acorns over 
winter was well known in 1579, as is evidenced by the 
Hohenlohe Forest Ordinance, which advised fall sowing, 
but, if that did not prove successful, to prepare the 
ground in summer, leave it through the winter and sow 
in the spring. 
While in earlier times sowing seems to have had the 
preference, at a later period planting was practiced, at 
first with wildlings, but as early as 1603 we find mention 
of oak nurseries. 
The Prussian Order of 1720 ordered the foresters to 
plant oaks in the openings before Christmas, for which 
they were to be paid, if the trees were found alive after 
three years. The growing and culture of oak also inter- 
ested Frederick the Great, who ordered its extension 
everywhere. Very explicit and correct rules for grow- 
ing and transplanting them, and some to which we would 
not subscribe, were given in the books of the 18th 
century. Among the planting methods we find in 1719 
and again in 1776 one similar to the Manteuffel method 
of planting in mounds. 
While oak culture was especially fostered in North- 
western Germany, the cultivation of conifers first re- 
ceived attention in the southwest, and in the same 
manner which was inaugurated by the Nuremberg seed 
dealer in 1368. A new idea, introduced in the Palatine 
Forest Ordinance (1565) and in the Bavarian Forest 
Ordinance (1568), was the prescription, to soak the seed 
before use and sow mixed with sawdust or sand, bringing 
the seed under with brush or iron rakes. 
Carlowitz (1713) taught well the methods of collect- 
ing, extracting and keeping the seed, and even proposes 
