68 Germany. 
The first elaboration of a pure volume division was 
made by Beckman in 1759, who estimated stock on hand 
by trees and guessed more or less at the accretion, allow- 
ing 2.5, 2 and 1% for the different sites and then made 
a year to year calculation of stock for 125 years. How 
the felling budget was finally determined is not known. 
Two methods were simultaneously devised in 1783 
which form the transition to the so-called allotment 
methods, making periodic age classes of an equal number 
of years and allotting either felling areas or volumes to 
each period of the rotation. Incapacity of the officials 
in Wiirtemberg prevented the application of the one 
method, while the other, devised by Maurer, remained 
also only a proposition. 
But in 1788 Kregting in his Mathematical Contribu- 
tions to forestry science teaches a pure volume allotment 
method with ten year age classes and nearly all the ap- 
paratus which was afterward developed by Hartig, who 
in the next period dominated to such a large extent the 
development of forestry in all its branches. 
9. Improvements in Methods of Mensuration. 
In scientific directions, the mathematical disciplines 
were the first to be developed, the natural sciences 
received attention much later. 
A considerable amount of mathematical knowledge 
was required for this work of forest organization. The 
mathematical apparatus even at the end of this period 
was rather slender, but its development went hand in 
hand with the development of these methods of regula- 
tion, and even elaborate mathematical formule for de- 
termining felling budgets were not absent. 
