12 Germany. 
Even the first forest finance calculations with the use 
of compound interest, and a comparison of the profita- 
bleness of the different methods of management, are to 
be recorded as made by Zanthier in 1764, bringing the 
beginning of forestal statics into this period. 
10. Methods of Lwmbering and Utilization. 
At the beginning of this period rough exploitation 
was still in vogue, only parts of trees being used, just as 
in the United States now. Here and there attempts 
were being made toward more conservative use of trees, 
for instance, at Brunswick in 1547 the use of log timber 
for fuel was discouraged. We find also that in Saxony, 
as early as 1560 the brushwood was utilized for fuel. 
High stumps were a usual feature in spite of the threats 
of punishment which some of the forest ordinances an- 
nounced, as in Bavaria (1531). The axe was the only 
instrument used until the end of the 18th century, for 
felling as well as cutting into lengths; not until 1775 
do we find an allusion to the use of the saw, when the 
forest ordinance of Weimar ordered that the saw-cut 
should be made for three-fourths of the tree’s diameter 
and the axe be used to finish (!) the last quarter. Not 
until the 18th century was the fuel-wood split and it 
was near the end of the period before it was set up in 
mixed cords (round and split) after the splitting had 
been introduced. The measure was, until about that 
time, merely in loads, the cord being of later introduc- 
tion. 
The value of low stumps and of the use of the saw was 
recognized in Austria in 1786. To show how variously 
and locally the need of conservative use of wood de- 
