74 Germany. 
about this time, something like the logging bosses in 
the United States (Holzmeister) who were responsible 
for the execution of the logging job. The organiza- 
tion of wood-choppers went so far that in 1718 we find 
in the Harz mountains mention of an Accident Insur- 
ance and Mutual Charity Association among them. 
The sale of wood was at first carried on in the house; 
later it became customary to indicate in the forest the 
trees to be cut or the area from which they should be 
cut by the purchaser and finally they were felled by the 
employes of the owner. For a long time, persisting 
into the 18th century the sale was by area, and this 
method developed the necessity of surveying; at the 
same time, however, sales by the tree and by wood meas- 
ure occurred, but only in the 18th century did the 
present method of selling wood by measure after felling 
come into existence. In Prussia the buyer had to take 
the risk of felling, and pay, even if the tree proved 
to be rotten, or broke in the felling. 'The forest owner 
seems to have had the whip hand in determining the 
price one-sidedly, revising, i. e., increasing the toll in 
longer or shorter intervals. But in 1713 we find men- 
tion of wood-auctions, or at least similar methods of 
getting the best prices. Finally, special market days 
for making sales and for designating of wood were in- 
stituted ; on these days also all offenses against the forest 
laws were adjudged. 
The exercise of the Forsthohett (princely supervision) 
originating in the ban forests and favored by the mer- 
cantilistic and absolutist ideas of the 17th and 18th 
centuries, gradually grew until the end of the 18th 
century to such an extent that the forest owners them- 
