78 Germany. 
wood was cut. In the beginning of the period the judge 
had wide latitude as to amount of the fine to be imposed; 
but in the 17th century more precise fines were fixed, and 
in the 18th century a revision of the fines brought them 
into proportion with the value of the stolen wood and 
a choice of punishments by fines, imprisonment or labor 
in the woods was instituted. 
12. Forestry Schools. 
The course of education for the foresters until the 
middle of the 18th century was a simple one and mainly 
directed to learning the manipulations of the chase, 
training of dogs, tending of horses, setting the nets, 
shooting, etc. Two or three years’ life with a practical 
hunter were followed by journeying and working for 
different employers, woodlore being picked up by the 
way from those that knew. 
When in the 18th century the need for better woods 
knowledge became pressing, the few really good forest 
managers were sought out by the young men who wished 
to secure this knowledge. In this way a number of so- 
called “master-schools” came into existence, each de- 
pending on one man. Such a school was that of v. 
Zanthier in Wernigerode, later transferred to Tisenburg, 
started in 1764 and ending with his death in 1778. 
Theoretical teaching and opportunity for practical 
demonstration here was such that even students from 
the Berlin school and men in actual employment 
attended the courses. ; 
The two great masters and fathers of modern forestry, 
Hartig and Cotta, each instituted such master-schools, 
the former in 1789, and the latter in 1785. Cotta’s 
