86 Germany. 
umes, is an authority and a historical source of the first 
rank. 
A very characteristic literature of the last half of the 
18th century consisted in forest calendars in which 
advice as to monthly and seasonal procedures in the 
forest were given, Beckman and Zanthier being among 
- the authors. 
III. DEVELOPMENT IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. 
The last hundred years or so has seen in Germany 
the development of fully established forest policies and 
the complete organization of stable forest administra- 
tions, based upon thorough and careful recognition of 
the principles of forest management and intensive appli- 
cation of silvicultural methods. 
1. Changes in Property Conditions. 
The change in forest treatment from the conditions 
prevailing during the previous period was largely due 
to the change in property relations, and especially 
to the establishment of state forests. This change was 
largely the result of the revolutionary movements at the 
beginning of the new century which brought about 
changes in state organizations. With the exception of 
Prussia, where the princely forest property had been 
declared state domain in 1713, elsewhere the public 
domain had been considered the property of the princes 
as such, outside of their personal private property (Cha- 
