Leading Foresters. 93 
basis the forest administration of Prussia, and many of 
the things he instituted still prevail. In organizing the 
service he introduced fixed salaries and relieved the 
foresters from financial responsibilities, transferring all 
handling of money to a separate set of officials, whereby 
the attempt at fraudulent practice or graft was removed. 
He issued instructions for the different grades of for- 
esters and every part of this work was all his own. In 
regulating the forest area of the state he developed the 
volume allotment method, which, however, proved too 
cumbersome to be readily applied to large areas. Toward 
the end of his life his work was not entirely successful 
and he lost prestige in his later years. 
Heinrich von Cotia (1763-1844) studied at the Uni- 
versity of Jena and afterwards practiced in Thuringia, 
where he established a master school at Zillbach (1795). 
In 1811 he was called to Tharand, Saxony, as director 
of forest surveys, whither he also transferred his school, 
which in 1816 was made a state institution and is still 
flourishing. In that year he was made the director 
of the Bureau of Forest Management. Like Hartig, he 
was eminent in the three directions of practical, literary, 
and professional work, but he excelled Hartig in origin- 
ality, developing new principles and thought. Being 
a good plant-physiologist and observer of nature, he de- 
veloped new ideas in silviculture, especially with refer- 
ence to methods of thinnings, and his “Anweisung zum 
Waldbau,’ written in the simplest, clearest and most 
forceful manner, forms a classic worthy of study to this 
day. In the field of forest management he became the 
inventor of the area allotment method and the originator 
of the highly developed Saxon forest management. As 
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