Silvicultural Practice. 99 
ern pineries with a seventy year period of rotation, by 
Burgsdorf (1787). Within ten years, however, he 
recognized its inappropriateness, and modified it by in- 
structions to leave only six to twelve seed trees per acre. 
His successor, Kropff, reduced the number to four or 
five, which were to be removed within two or three years. 
In spite of the development of this more rational 
method, the practitioners under Hartig’s approval, held 
mainly to a dark position, much like a selection forest, 
which produced a poor growth of oppressed seedlings, 
retarding for a long time the development of the pin- 
eries. 
In spruce or fir either a pure selection forest or a strip 
system was employed. Attempts at a shelterwood sys- 
tem were made, but experience with the wind dan- 
ger soon taught the lesson that this was not a proper 
method with shallow-rooted species. Even Hartig 
preferred clearing and planting with the spruce, and this 
is still the most favored method with that tree. For 
the deep-rooted and shade enduring fir the shelterwood 
method, with a long regeneration period, was thoroughly 
established in the Black Forest and in Wiirtemberg by 
1818. 
b. Artificial Reforestation. 
Natural regeneration being the main method of 
reproduction until the beginning of the 19th century, 
artificial means were usually applied only to repair fail- 
places, or to plant up wastes, as is evident from the for- 
est ordinances of Prussia and Bavaria (1812 and 1814). 
In this artificial reforestation, with the exception of the 
planting of oak in pastures, sowing was almost entirely 
