106 Germany. 
much older; Hossfeld, in 1824, and Jager in 1850, ad- 
vocating them for financial reasons, while Koenig and 
Pressler anticipated the development of an individual 
tree management by pruning, and differentiation of final 
harvest and nurse crop, a method which is working itself 
out at the present time. 
5. Methods of Forest Organization. 
As stated before, to Hartig and Cotta belongs the 
credit of having applied systematically on a large scale 
methods of forest organization for sustained yield ; Har- 
tig having been active in Prussia since 1811, and Cotta 
beginning to organize the Saxon forests in the same year. 
The method employed by Hartig, the so-called volume 
allotment, had been already formulated and its founda- 
tion laid by Kregting and others (although Hartig seems 
to have claimed the invention). But it was reserved to 
Hartig to build up this method in its detail, and to 
formulate clearly and precisely its application as well as 
to improve the practice of forest survey, calculation of 
increment and the making of yield tables. His method 
involved a survey, a subdivision, a construction of 
yield tables and the formulation of working plans, in 
which the principle according to which the forest was 
to be managed during the whole rotation was laid 
down for each district. The rotation was determined, 
divided into periods, finally of twenty years, and the 
periodic volume yield represented by all stands was dis- 
tributed through all the periods of the rotation so as to 
make the periodic felling budgets approximately equal ; 
or, since the tendency to increased wood consumption 
was recognized, an increase of the felling budget toward 
