108 Germany. 
the beginning of the next period. This idea of con- 
fining the budget determination to a comparatively short 
period is now generally accepted, the future receiving 
only summary consideration. 
These methods of organization were the ones generally 
applied in practice, and are still with some modifications 
in practical use. About 1820, however, new theories 
were advanced which led to the formulation of methods 
based upon the idea of the normal forest. The con- 
ception of a normal forest, with a normal stock, distri- 
buted in normal age classes, so as to insure a sustained 
yield management, was evolved in 1788 by an obscure 
anonymous official in the Tax-collector’s office of Austria. 
This fertile idea, which is still the basis of forest organ- 
ization in Austria and explains better than any other 
method the principles involved in forest organization, 
did not find entrance into forestry literature in all its 
detail until 1811 when André compared this so-called 
Cameraltaxe with Hartig’s method of regulation. We 
find, however, that simultaneously with the Austrian 
invention of this method Paulsen (1787) proposed to 
determine the felling budget as a relation between 
normal stock and normal yield, and in his yield tables 
(the first of the kind, 1795), he gives the proportion 
of increment to normal stock in percentic relation, so 
that the felling budget may be either expressed as a 
fraction of the stock or as per cent; in beech forests, for 
instance, he determines the felling budget as 3.3% on 
best sites, 2.5% on medium and 1.8% on poor sites. 
Probably stimulated by André’s description, Huber 
(1812) developed a method and formula which may be 
considered the foundation of the later development by 
