114 Germany. 
right of the nobility to the higher positions, which lasted 
in some States until 1848, and the practice of making 
connection with military service a basis for appointment 
were abolished, and, instead of employing Cameralists, 
educated foresters came everywhere to the head of affairs. 
The lower service which had been recruited from hunters 
and lackeys,and which was noted for its low social, moral 
and pecuniary status, was improved in all directions. 
Although incidentals in the way of fees and natural in- 
stead of money emoluments still play a role even to date, 
the establishment of definite salaries and the salutary 
change of methods in transacting business, which Hartig 
introduced, became general. With the development and 
importance of forestry schools, the requirement of a 
higher technical education for positions in State service 
could be enforced. Yet only within the last twenty-five 
or thirty years, has the ranking position of forest officers 
been made adequate and equalized with that of other 
officers of equal responsibility. 
The central administration now lies in the hands of 
technical men (Oberlandforstmeister) with a council of 
technical deputies (Zandforstmeister) all of whom have 
passed through all the stages of employment from the 
district managers up. This central office or “division of 
forestry” is either attached to the department of agri- 
culture, or to that of finance, and has entire charge of 
the questions of personnel, direction of forest schools, 
of the forest policy of the administation, and the ap- 
proval of all working plans, acting in all things pertain- 
ing to the forest service as a court of last resort. The 
working plans are made and revised by special commis- 
sioners in each case, or, as in Saxony, under the direction 
