122 Germany. 
preceding century, continued into the new one, and we 
find Hartig, Cotta, Pfeil and Hundeshagen each writing 
such encyclopedias. Carl Heyer began one in sep- 
arate volumes, but completed only two of them. Even 
an encyclopedic work in monographs by several authors 
was undertaken as early as 1819 by J. M. Bechstein, who 
with his successors brought out fourteen volumes, cover- 
ing the ground pretty fully. While in the earlier stages 
the meager amount of knowledge made it possible to 
compress the whole into small compass, the more modern 
encyclopedias of Lorey, Fiirst and Dombrowski arose 
from the opposite consideration, namely, the need of 
giving a comprehensive survey of the large mass of ac- 
cumulated knowledge. 
Since 1820 monographic writings, however, became 
more and more the practice. Among the volumes which 
treat certain branches of forestry monographically, the 
works of the masters of silviculture, Cotta, Hartig and 
Heyer, based on their experiences in west and middle 
Germany, and of Pfeil, referring more particularly to 
North German conditions, were followed by the South 
German writers, Gwinner (1834), and Stump (1849). 
In 1855 H. Burkhardt introduced in his classic Séen und 
Pflanzen a new method of treatment, namely, by species, 
and after 1850 when the development of general silvi- 
culture had been accomplished, such treatment by species 
became frequent. Of more modern works on general 
silviculture elaborating the attempts at reform of old 
practices those of Gayer (1880) Borggreve, Wagener, 
Ney, all writing about the same decade are to be 
especially mentioned. In this connection should be 
noticed also Fiirst’s valuable collective work on 
