Literature on Forest Utilization. 123 
nursery: practice by species (Pflanzenzucht im Walde, 
1882). 
At present the magazine literature furnishes ample 
opportunity to discuss the development of methods in 
all directions. The text books at present appearing 
seem to be justified by or intended mainly for the needs 
of the teacher and rarely for the practitioner. Such a 
text book is that by Weise. 
Other branches than silviculture were similarly first 
treated in comprehensive volumes and then in mono- 
graphic writings on special subjects of the branch. The 
literature on forest utilization covering the whole field, 
was enriched especially by Pfeil, Koenig, Gayer, and 
First. The first investigation into the physical and 
technical properties of wood was conducted by G. L. 
Hartig himself followed by Theodor Hartig, and has 
been most broadly treated by H. Noerdlinger (1860). 
The question of means of transportation gradually be- 
came also a subject capable of monographic treatment 
and a series of books came out on locating and building 
forest roads. Braun issued such a book in 1855 for the 
plains country and Kaiser (1873) for the mountains, 
also Miihlhausen (1876), who had been commissioned 
to locate a perfect road system over the demonstration 
forest at the forest academy of Muenden. Only within 
the last quarter of the century were railroads introduced 
into the economy of forest management. The first com- 
prehensive book on the subject of logging roads was 
issued by Foerster, and a later one by Runnebawm. 
A very comprehensive literature on the value of forest 
litter was brought into existence by the established usage 
of small farmers of supplying their lack of straw for 
