124 Germany. 
bedding and manure by substituting the litter raked 
from the forest. Hartig and Hundeshagen were active 
in the discussion of this subject as well as almost every 
other forester, the discussion being, however, mainly 
based on opinions. But after 1860 the subject became so 
important both to the poor farming population and to 
the forest, which was being robbed of its natural fertil- 
izer, that a more definite basis for regulating its use was 
established by analysis and by experiments at the experi- 
mental stations. 
With the inauguration of the various methods of for- 
est organization described before, there naturally went 
hand in hand the development of methods of measure- 
ment. Better forest surveys developed rapidly, the transit 
generally replacing the compass and plane table. At this 
period the necessity for books teaching the important 
methods of land survey was met by Baur (1858) and 
by Krafft (1865). This subject does no longer occupy 
a place in forestry literature, the knowledge of it being 
taken for granted. 
On the other hand the subject of forest mensuration 
which formerly was generally treated in connection with 
forest organization has developed into a branch by itself 
and has been very considerably developed in its methods 
and instruments, making a tolerably accurate measure- 
ment of forest growth possible, although many unsolved 
problems are still under investigation. Still late into 
the century it was customary to measure only circum- 
ferences of trees by means of a chain or band, although 
an instrument for measuring diameters is mentioned by 
Cotta in 1804 and by Hartig, 1808. Schener and Rich- 
ter are in 1813 described as inventors of the first “uni- 
