126 Germany. 
under the name of form quotient, placing two measured 
diameters in relation. 
Volume tables giving the volumes of trees of varying 
diameters and height were already in use to some extent 
in the 18th century ; Cotta gives such for beech in 1804, 
and in 1817 furnished a new set of so-called normal 
tables which were however based upon the assumption of 
a conical form of the tree. Koenig perfected volume 
tables by introducing further classification into five 
growth classes (1813), published volume tables for beech 
and other species and in 1840 published volume tables 
not for single trees but for entire stands per acre classi- 
fied by species, height and density; using the so-called 
distance number which he had developed in 1835 to 
denote the density. It is interesting to note that these 
tables which he called Allgemeine Waldschetzungs- 
tafeln were made for the Imperial Russian Society for 
the Advancement of Forestry. 
In 1840 and succeeding years the Bavarian govern- 
ment issued a comprehensive series of measurements and 
a large number of form factors which were used in con- 
structing volume tables; these were found to be so well 
made and so generally applicable that they were used in 
all parts of Germany and, translated into meter measure- 
ment by: Behm (1872), are still generally in use, 
although new ones based upon further measurements 
have been furnished by Lorey and Kuntze. 
For arriving at the volume of stands, estimates were 
relied upon long into the nineteenth century, although 
Hossfeld in 1812 introduced a formula by the use of 
AHF in which A was the measured total cross-section 
area of the stand, H and F the height and form factors, 
