140 Germany. 
Forstliche Jahrbiicher were begun in 1842, and the 
Miindener Forstliche Hefte in 1892. In 1893 the Forst- 
lich-naturwissenschaftliche Zeitschrift was established 
to discuss mainly the biological basis of forestry 
(changed in 1903 to Naturwissenschaftliche Zeitschrift 
fiir Land-und Forstwesen). 
For the lower grades there has been published since 
1872 Zeitschrift der deutschen Forstbeamten. Several 
lumber trade journals also discuss forestry matters. 
To assist in keeping track of the historic and scientific 
development of the art, an annual summary of maga- 
zine literature is being published. The first effort in 
this direction was made in 1876 by Bernhardt’s 
Chrontk des deutschen Forstwesens, which was contin- 
ued for several years, but is now supplanted by Jahres- 
bericht tiber die Leistungen und Fortschritte der Forst- 
wirthschaft (since 1880). 
Besides this more scientific magazine literature, 
“Pocket Books” and “Calendars” have been published 
from early times, the regular annual appearance of the 
latter, giving detailed statistics, personalia, tables useful 
in the practice, etc., dates from 1851. 
With the accomplishment of the unity of the empire 
in 1871, with the establishment of the Experiment 
Stations and their association in 1872, and with the 
organization of the Society of German Foresters, which 
dates from the same year, a new and most active era 
in the development of forestry science may be recognized, 
the tendency of which is to lift the art out of the 
shackles of empiricism and place it on a more scientific 
basis. 
