142 Austria-Hungary. 
holdings is predominant, and that large areas are still 
untouched or just opened to exploitation, so that Austria 
is still in the list of export countries, although in some 
parts intensive management has been long in existence. 
In the main, although movements for reform in forest 
use date back to the middle ages, the condition of for- 
estry in Austria was still past the middle of the 19th 
century most deplorable, and in a stage of development 
which most of the German States had passed long before; 
but in the last 50 years such progress has been made 
that both science and practice stand nearly if not quite 
on the same level with those of their German neighbors. 
If Germany. exhibits in its different parts a great 
variety of development, political and economic, Austria, 
although long under one family of rulers (since 1526), 
exhibits a still greater variety due to racial, natural and 
historical differences within its own borders. It is 
indeed an extraordinary and singular country, without 
an equal of its kind (except perhaps Turkey) in that 
it is not a national, but a dynastic power composed of 
unrelated states or lands, with people speaking different 
languages, mixed races widely different in character. 
These were gradually aggregated under one head or 
ruling family, the Hapsburgs, who as Archdukes of 
Austria having occupied the elective position of German 
Emperors for several generations, after the collapse of 
the Empire in 1806, retained the title and called them- 
selves Emperors of Austria. 
The Kingdom of Hungary alone (which was joined 
to the Hapsburg dominions by election of its people in 
1526, and under new relations in 1867), with at least 
50% Hungarians, is a national unit with a national lan- 
