Forest Organization. 157 
many hampering rights of user; only here and there are 
properties managed intensively. By 1890 only 23% 
were managed under rational working plans (40% state 
and 60% private and communal property), mostly regu- 
lated by a combined area and volume method. 
In Styria in the forests attached to mines we find in 
1795 quite a remarkable effort in the matter of working 
plans, with volume tables and sample area methods for 
determining the stock, but the fine plan was stowed away 
in a cupboard, and when in 1830 forest counselor Wun- 
derbaldinger proposed to apply such a working plan he 
had to wait seven years before permission for a trial was 
granted. He continued the organization of these forests 
until 1848, using Hundeshagen’s “use per cent.” in the 
selection forest, and volume allotment for the woods 
managed under clearing system. 
In lower Austria the Vienna state forest of 70,000 
acres had for a long time received attention; the first 
thorough forest survey and yield calculation being made 
in 1718-20, revised in 1782-86 and regulated for the 
shelterwood system in 1820. Within the last 50 years 
the method has been changed again and again, until in 
1882 the present Austrian method based on normal stock 
principles was applied. Since in this province 50% of 
the forest area is peasant property and communal forest, 
which are usually managed without systematic plans, the 
33% under working plans represents more than half of 
the area capable of such management. 
In upper Austria, where the salt works are situated, 
the attempts at regulated management in connection 
with these date back to the middle of the 16th century, 
and after various changes these forest areas were by 1888 
11 
