158 Austria-Hungary. 
placed under working plans of modern style. Over 50% 
of the forest area of this province is so regulated. One 
of the most modern working plans based upon Pressler’s 
soil rent theory and a most intensive silviculture, is that 
of the Baron Mayr-Melnhof on his estate Kogl. 
These details are merely brought forward to illustrate 
the great variation both in the progress of development 
and in the present conditions in different parts of the 
empire, similar differences being found in other por- 
tions. Suffice it to say that in round numbers about fif- 
teen hundred thousand acres are managed under more 
or less intensive working plans, and of the balance seven 
million acres are farmers’ woodlots on which only silvi- 
cultural treatment is necessary. 
§. Development of Silviculture. 
The necessity for conservative forest use and refor- 
estation did not arise as early in Austria as it did in 
Germany. Not until the middle of the 19th century 
did this necessity become apparent in most of the prov- 
inces, when German experiences in silviculture could be 
readily utilized. 
In Bohemia the clearing system with artificial plant- 
ing mostly by seed had been introduced at the beginning 
of the century for the conifer forests, planting being 
generally only resorted to in filling out fail places with 
wildlings, while in the broad-leaved forest the selection 
system and to some extent the shelterwood method, were 
largely followed. The strip system was also much em- 
ployed, and as the felling areas were often made too 
large, undue increase of undesirable softwoods re- 
sulted. During the last 50 years silvicultural theory 
