160 Austria-Hungary. 
the years 1882 to 1887 and finally to the creation of a 
commission charged to select the lands which in the in- 
terest of the country required reforestation and to 
enforce this within a given time, the State expropriating 
the lands of objecting owners. At the same time the 
Commission brought about the division of pasture lands 
which were held in communal ownership. 
By 1897, of the 75,000 acres selected by the Commis- 
sion as of immediate interest 15,000 acres had been 
planted, mostly with Austrian pine, at an average cost of 
$8 to $16 per acre, the cost including stone enclosures for 
the plantations, to protect them against cattle and fire, 
and the repairs which sometimes equalled the original 
expense. In addition some 50,000 acres of natural 
growth were merely by protection brought into pro- 
ductive condition. 
While this activity refers to the northern portion of 
the coast region, the Karst of Dalmatia farther south, 
being oak country, was mainly recuperated by pro- 
tective measures. In 1873 the pasturing of goats was 
forbidden on areas of over one million acres in extent, 
which were found capable of reforestation. In 1876 the 
division of communal holdings was ordered and portions 
designated for forest use, some to be planted. As a 
result of these measures nearly 400,000 acres have been 
recuperated. 
% Education and Literature. 
The first forest schools in Austria were established 
through private effort, namely one in 1800 in Bohemia 
by Prince Schwarzenberg, and another one in Moravia 
by Prince Liechtenstein, these two being the largest for- 
