Educational Means. 161 
est owners in Austria. In 1805 another private forest 
school was opened in Bohemia, and at the same time the 
state institute near Vienna came into existence. This 
was in 1813 transferred to Mariabrunn, and, after va- 
rious changes in the character of the teaching, was, in 
1867, raised to the dignity of an academy with a three 
years’ course. In 1875 it was transferred to the Hoch- 
schule fiir Bodenkultur at Vienna, an agricultural school 
which had been instituted in 1872 intended to give the 
higher scientific education in both forestry and agricul- 
ture by a three years course. During the years from 
1875-1904, over 2,600 students in forestry alone had at- 
tended this excellent school at which 71 professors and 
instructors are employed. 
For the lower gradesof foresters schools were from time 
to time opened in addition to the private ones first men- 
tioned. At the present time there are in existence three 
so-called “middle schools,’ Hulenberg (founded in 
1852), Weisswasser (1855) and Lemberg (1872) at 
which the course is two years, and one at Bruck (1900), 
where the course is three years. 
For the education of guards three Forstwart schools 
were instituted in 1881 and 1883, one each for Tirol, 
Styria and Galicia, where in an eleven months’ course 15 
forest guards at each receive instruction. In addition 
there are five schools of silviculture where the course is 
one year. Besides these schools courses in forestry of 
shorter duration are given at three other institutions. 
Beside these schools the promotion of forestry 
science is, as in Germany, secured by forest experiment 
stations which came into existence as a result of the 
earlier deliberations of the German foresters; the pro- 
