Silviculture in Hungary. 167 
as a check has been mostly employed in this work, which 
is by Do means as yet completed. 
To promote forest planting several nurseries have been 
established by the government, from which around 10 
million plants are annually distributed free of charge 
and subventions for reforestation of wastes are also 
granted annually. It is interesting to note in this con- 
nection that more than 170,000 acres have been planted 
to Black Locust, which is managed as coppice for vine- 
yard stakes. 
In 1884 a special fund for the purchase of forest land 
by the State was instituted by turning all moneys 
received from eventual sales of forest land into that 
fund. Another fund for forest improvement is accumu- 
lated by placing four-fifths of all penalties collected for 
forest trespasses into a separate account for that purpose. 
These funds have not accumulated very fast, the forest 
improvement fund in 1896 being only about $120,000. 
Similar to the Landes in France there exist in various 
parts of Hungary extensive sand wastes and shifting 
sands, partly caused by deforestation. Ever since 1788 
legislation has attempted to secure a re-habilitation of 
these waste areas, which cover in all some 600 square 
miles. In 1817 a first systematic beginning was made 
in the Banat on the “Alféld” of the Magyars under the 
forest director Bachofen, similar to Bremontier’s under- 
taking in France. By 1842 the total plantations 
amounted to about 12,000 acres and by 1869 some 
20,000 acres had been reforested and parts of the planta- 
tions had begun to yield profits. But even to-day there 
are still large areas in a desert condition. 
A classic volume in German by Joseph Wessely, Hun- 
