176 Switzerland. 
had accentuated the protective value of forest cover were 
the forest ordinances more strenuously enforced, and a 
general movement for better management began. This 
was partly signalized by sending young men to the forest 
schools of Germany. 
Largely through the influence of a lively propaganda 
carried on by such men as Landolt and Coaz, backed by 
the Swiss forestry association, founded in 1848, and 
through the increase of torrential floods, especially in 
1834 and 1868, was it made clear that a central power 
would have to be clothed with authority to regulate the 
use of the alpine forest at least. 
In 1857 the Bund ordered an investigation of the 
mountain forests in all parts; this was made by Lan- 
dolt. At the same time an annual vote of $2,000 was 
made to the Forestry association for reforestation and 
engineering works in the Alps. This grant was changed 
in 1871 by voting an annual credit of $20,000 to be ex- 
pended by the Bundesrath for similar purposes. The 
floods of 1868 brought such distress in certain cantons 
that contributions from all other parts were required to 
assist the flood sufferers; and of the collections $200,- 
000 were appropriated for reforestation. Finally. in 
1874 it was determined to create a central bureau of 
forest inspection for the whole Bund in the Department 
of the Interior, and a law was passed in 1876 declaring 
the superior right of oversight by the Federation over 
the water and forest police in the high Alps, proposing 
to aid in the engineering and reboisement work neces- 
sary to correct the torrents, and to take measures for the 
preservation of these works and forests. 
It will be noted that the federal surveillance was to 
