178 Switzerland. 
to be made under direct supervision of foresters and 
after being cut the wood must be measured. Sale on 
the stump is forbidden, otherwise no interference in the 
management is intended. 
Up to 1902, under the law of 1876, working plans for 
540,000 acres had been made. 
For other than protection forests the law provides a 
number of restrictions, such as the following: Pasture 
woods may not be decreased in area except by permission 
of the cantons. Communal forests are not to be sub- 
divided without consent of the cantonal government, 
except where two or more communities have joint own- 
ership, nor are they to be sold except with such permis- 
sion. Rights of user in public forests, especially in pro- 
tection forests, may be forcibly extinguished by the can- 
tonal government, but under appeal to the Bundes- 
rath. Money equivalents are to be the rule, territorial 
equivalents only to be given by special permission. By 
1902 over $300,000 had already been spent to extin- 
guish 2,842 different rights of user. The establishment 
of means of transportation, roads, etc., is encouraged 
by subventions from the Bund and otherwise. 
Private forests as far as they fall under the classifica- 
tion of protection forests are subject to the same super- 
vision and rules as the public forests as regards their 
survey, the prohibition of clearings except by permis- 
sion of the Federal Government, and of diminishing 
pasture woods, the extinguishment of rights of user, the 
prevention of damaging use and assistance in estab- 
lishing means of transportation. The cantonal govern- 
ment is obliged to insure the execution of these laws. 
In additon, while the law encourages co-operative for- 
