Federal Surveillance. 179 
est management of small holdings as larger units, the 
Bund paying for the cost of effecting such co-operation, 
it empowers the canton or the Bund to enforce such co- 
operative management of protection forest areas in spe- 
cially endangered localities as at the headwaters of tor- 
rential streams. Otherwise in the non-protective pri- 
vate forests only the prohibition of clearing except by 
permission of the cantonal government, the obligation 
of reforesting felling areas within three years and of 
maintaining existing pasture woods is ordered. Where- 
ever on private properties conversion of forest into farm 
or pasture is permitted (after report of the forest ad- 
ministration of Canton or Bund) an equivalent refor- 
estation of other parts may be ordered. Wherever by 
the reforestation of bare ground protective forest areas 
can be created, this may be ordered, the Federal or the 
Cantonal government contributing towards such work, 
or else, if the owner prefers, he may insist upon hav- 
ing his ground expropriated by the Canton or other pub- 
lic corporation; the federal government assisting in 
either case to the extent of 30 to 50% of the cost, and 
in establishing new protection forests to the extent of 
50 to 80%. 
Before 1902 under the law of 1876 some 16,000 acres 
had been reforested and put in order at an expense of 
over one million dollars, the federal government con- 
tributing just about fifty per cent. 
Besides the various restrictions with provisions of 
penalties for disobedience (from $1 to $100 for each 
transgression) and enforced execution by cantonal gov- 
ernment, there are a number of directions in which the 
Federal Government makes contributions for the pur- 
