182 Switzerland. 
school education. Their. number must be at least 15 
and not more than 25. There have also been instituted 
specially conducted excursions and progressive under- 
foresters’ courses, as well as additional scientific courses 
which the Bund subsidizes. 
In connection with the Zurich school, forestry science 
and art are further advanced by a well-endowed central 
Forest Experiment Station, with several substations and 
an annual credit of $10,000. 
The greatest credit for the advancement of forestry 
and forest legislation is due to the Swiss Forestry Asso- 
ciation (347 members in 1902), which was founded 
in 1843, meeting annually in various places, managed 
by a Committee of five elected for 3 years. This Asso- 
ciation is subsidized by the Bund for its educational 
work. Schweizerische Zeitschrift fiir das Forstwesen 
(begun 1850) is its organ with Dr. Fankhauser as 
editor. 
In 1898 an association of underforesters with a special 
organ, Der Forstwirth, came into existence (526 mem- 
bers in 1902), and several cantonal foresters’ associa- 
tions are also active. 
In the literature, which is largely in German, with 
some French and Italian volumes, notable works have 
appeared and real advances in forestry science especially 
with reference to management of mountain forests are 
due to Swiss writers. 
In 1767 the Société d'Economie de Zurich published 
a foresters’ manual, and during the first quarter of the 
nineteenth century Zschokke and Kasthofer developed 
silviculture in the Alps. Zandolt in 1860 published the 
