194 France. 
ticulier, with a lieutenant, a garde-marteau, a garde 
général, 2 arpenteurs and a number of gardes. A 
financial branch for the handling of moneys and the 
juridical branch represented by the three courts de- 
scribed above completed the organization, which lasted 
until the revolution. 
The sale of royal forests was again forbidden, pro- 
viding penalties for the eventual purchaser. Theft and 
incendiarism were severely punished and rules of man- 
agement were established. 
Clearings could only be made by permission even on 
the part of private owners. The methods of sale and 
harvest were determined. The prescriptions of older 
ordinances were renewed to the effect that at least 13 to 
16 seed trees (baliveaux) per acre in the coppice, and 8 
seed trees in timber forest were to be reserved in all 
forests without exception. Private owners were not to 
cut these seed trees before they were 40 years old in 
the coppice and 120 years in the timber forest, while in 
the public andchurch forests these seed trees were treated 
like reserves. Similarly the prescription that no woods 
were to be cut before 10 years of age was revived from 
former ordinances, the time later (178%) being in- 
creased for public forests to 25 years. Also the obliga- 
tion to keep one-fourth of the forest in reserve, which 
Charles IX had decreed in 1560, was renewed for the 
public forests (those belonging to corporations and other 
public institutions). 
There was lively opposition to the enforcement of 
these prescriptions, especially where they interfered with 
property rights, nevertheless they persisted until the 
changes brought about by the revolution of 1789. 
