Forest School. 209 
In the direction of forest organization, it is stated by 
Clavé that in 1860 only 900,000 acres of the State 
domain were under a regulated management, namely 
380,000 acres in timber forest and 520,000 in coppice 
with standards, leaving about 1,500,000 acres at that 
time still merely exploited. The same writer states that 
of the corporation or communal forests hardly any are 
under management for sustained yield, and private 
forest management is not mentioned in this connection. 
The method of forest organization employed, outside 
of the crude determinations of a felling budget in the 
selection forest, is an imitation of Cotta’s area allotment, 
with hardly any attempt of securing normality. 
6. Education and Lhterature. 
In the earlier times the service established was often 
in incompetent hands; the offices of forestmasters were 
purchasable, were given to courtiers as benefices, and 
became hereditary. In all these higher offices profes- 
sional knowledge was unnecessary. The ignorance of the 
subordinates was as great as that of their German coun- 
terparts, but lasted longer. Hardly any literature on the 
subject of forestry developed before the 19th century and 
educational institutions had to wait until the beginning 
of that century. 
The first, and up to the present, only forest school, 
came into existence after a considerable campaign, di- 
rected by Baudrillart, Chief of Division, Administration 
Générale des Foréts and professor of political economy, 
in the Annales Forestiéres, the first volume of which ap- 
peared in 1808, and in other writings as in his Diction- 
naire des eaux et foréts (1825), which led to the estab- 
lishment of the forest school at Nancy in 1825. 
