RUSSIA AND FINLAND. 
While Germany and France were forced into the 
adoption of forest policies through necessity, after the 
natural woods had been largely destroyed or devastated, 
Russia started upon a conservative forest management, 
long before the day of absolute necessity seemed to have 
arrived. 
Indeed, even to-day Russia is one of the largest ex- 
porters of forest products in the world, its annual export 
amounting to over thirty million dollars; and a vast ter- 
ritory of untouched woods is still at her command, rep- 
resenting roughly two-thirds of the forest area of 
Europe. 
Les Foréts de la Russie, Ministdre de [Agriculture, Paris Exposition 
Universelle, 1900, pp. 190, gives a very detailed description of forest conditions, 
markets and management with a few historic points. 
Russland’s Wald, by F. v. ARNOLD, Berlin, 1893, pp. 526, contains historic 
notes and a profuse discussion of the law of 1888. 
The Industries of Russia: Agriculture and Forestry, issued by the De- 
partment of Agriculture, Ministry of Crown Lands, at World’s Columbian Expo- 
sition, translated by J. M. Crawrorp, 1898, contains a chapter on Forestry by 
Rovupzsk1 and SHAFRANOV, professors at the Forest Institute, in 35 pp. 
Annual reports by the Russian Forest Administration are published since 
1866, 
Four diffuse volumes, by JoHn Croumsiz Brown, treat of Russian conditions, 
namely, 
Forests and Forestry in Poland, Lithuania, etc, 1885; 
Finland, its Forests and Forest Management, 1883 ; 
Forestry of the Mining districts of the Ural Mountain, 1884 ; 
Forests and Forestry of Northern Russia, 1884. 
Numerous articles and reviews by O. Gusr, scattered through the German 
forestry journals, give insight into Russian forest conditions. 
An excellent idea of prevailing forestry practice can be gained from an ex- 
tended article by Dr. Scwappacu, Forstliche Reisebilder aus Russland in 
Zeitschrift fir Forst-und Jagd » 1902, 
For Finland an article by B. Ericson in Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt, 
1896, and another article by P. W. Hannikainen in Allgemeine Forst und 
Jagdzeitung, 1892, both native foresters, give considerable information. 
Finland: Its Public and Private Economy, by N. C. FREDERIKSEN, 1902, 
306 pp. 
