222 Russia. 
of the State; only about 250 million acres are so claimed, 
the larger balance includes 170 million acres which are 
to be apportioned to the liberated peasants, 200 million 
acres in which the government is only part owner, or the 
ownership is in dispute; and the rest is only tempo- 
rarily placed under the management or surveillance of 
the administration. Yet, 62% in Europe and 13% in 
Asia is exclusive State property. In 1903 the area under 
working plans of the Forest Administration, how- 
ever, was only 58 million acres in Europe and 3 mil- 
lion in Asia. Of the State property in Europe 
34% is spruce forest, 30% pine, and 26 % mixed coni- 
fer forest. The Asiatic area is also over 80 per cent. 
coniferous. 
The peasants own 40 million and other private owners 
some 110 million acres, and 10 million belong to cor- 
porations. 
3. Development of Forest Policies. 
The first record of attention to the woods as a special 
property dates from Michael, the founder, and Alexis, 
the second of the house of Romanoff, the latter becom- 
ing Czar in 1645. He it was who began to introduce 
Western civilization. He confined himself to regulating 
property rights, which up to that time had remained 
somewhat-undefined, the forest, as elsewhere, being con- 
sidered more or less public property. He issued 
deeds of ownership, or at least granted exclusive 
rights to the use of forests, somewhat similar to 
the banforests. Soldiers alone were permitted to help 
themselves, even in private forests, to the wood they 
required. 
Protection against theft and fire was provided. 
