228 Russia. 
In 1903 the application of the law was extended to 
the Caucasus, the Trans-caucasian and other southern 
provinces, but in the absence of suitable personnel and 
in a half civilized country, no result for the immediate 
future may be anticipated. 
The surveillance of the execution of this law lies with 
the assistance of the Forest Committees, in the hands 
of the State Forest Administration. 
This latter, centralized in the Department of Agricul- 
ture, consists of a Director General with two Vice-Di- 
rectors and a so-called bureau of forests with seven 
division chiefs, a number of vice-inspectors and assist- 
ants. The local administration in the governments is 
represented by the Direction of Crown lands with a 
superintendent or revisor and several inspectors. The 
crown forests, divided into some 600 districts, are under 
the administration of superintendents, with foresters and 
guards of several degrees. 
The whole service comprises at present about 3400 
higher and over 30,000 lower officials. 
Large as this force appears to be, it is small in com- 
parison with the acreage, and inadequate. Although 
the net income from the 300 million acres of State 
forest which are being worked is now close to thirty 
million dollars, the pay of the officials is such as to 
almost force them to find means of subsistence at the 
cost of their charges. Perhaps nowhere else is there so 
much machinery and so much regulation with so little 
execution in practice. 
8. Education and Literature. 
The attempts at forestry education date back to the 
year 1732 when a number of foresters were imported 
