Forest Schools. 229 
from Germany to take charge of the forest management 
as well as of the education of foresters; each forstmeister 
having six pupils assigned to him. This method failing 
to produce results, the interest in ship timber suggested 
a course in forestry at the Naval Academy, which was 
instituted in 1800. Soon the need of a larger number of 
educated foresters led to the establishment of several 
separate forest schools, one at Zarskoye Selo (near St. 
Petersburg) in 1803, another at Kozlovsk in 1805, and 
a third at St. Petersburg in 1808. This latter under the 
name of the Forest Institute absorbed the other two, and 
from 1813 has continued to exist through many vicissi- 
tudes. Now with 15 professors and instructors it pre- 
pares in a four years’ course for the higher positions in 
the forest service. “The history of this Forest Institute 
is practically the history of forestry in Russia.” 
A second school at Novo-Alexandria, near Warsaw, 
was instituted in 1860. In these schools, as in the 
methods of management, German influence is every- 
where visible. 
In addition to these schools, chairs of forestry were 
instituted in the Petrovsk School of Rural Economy 
in Moskau and in the Riga Polytechnic Institute, and 
also in seven intermediate schools of rural economy. 
In 1888 ten secondary schools were established after 
Austrian pattern for the lower or middle service, rangers 
and underforesters; their number by 1900 being in- 
creased to 30. These are boarding schools in the woods, 
where a certain number of the students are taught free 
of charge, the maximum number of those admitted being 
10 to 20 at each school. The course is of two years’ 
duration and is mainly directed to practical work and 
