230 Russia. 
theoretical study in silviculture. The total expense of 
such a school is about $3,300, of which the State con- 
tributes $2,500. 
A number of experiment stations were established in 
various parts of the country by the Administration of 
Crown lands, and a very considerable and advanced liter- 
ature testifies to the good education and activity of the 
higher forest service. 
Two forestry journals, Lesnoj Journal (since 1870) 
and Lessopromychlenny Vestnik, the first bi-monthly, 
the latter weekly, besides several lesser ones, keep the 
profession informed. 
There are in existence several general societies for the 
encouragement of silviculture. Probably the oldest, 
which ceased to exist in 1850, was the Imperial Russian 
Society for the Advancement of Forestry which was 
founded in 1832. It published a magazine and provided 
translations of foreign books, among which the Forest 
Mathematics of the noted German forester Konig, who 
also prepared yield tables for the Society. (See p. 126.) 
A society of professional foresters was founded at St. 
Petersburg in 1871, another exists in Moscow, and re- 
cently two associations for the development of forest 
planting in the steppes have been formed. 
Among the prominent writers and practitioners there 
should be especially mentioned Theodor Karlowitsch 
Arnold, who is recognized as the father of Russian 
forestry. He was the soul of the forest organization 
work, for which he drew up the instructions in 1845, 
and as professor, afterwards director, of the Institute 
for Agronomy and Forestry at Moscow since 1857, he 
