232 Russia. 
4. Forestry Practice. 
While then a very considerable activity in scientific 
direction exists, the practical application of forestry prin- 
ciples is less developed than one would expect, especially 
in view of the stringent laws. So far not much more 
than conservative lumbering is the rule. 
Generally speaking, the State and crown forests are 
better managed than the private, many of which are 
being merely exploited ; and in the northern departments 
large areas remain still inaccessible. 
Some notable exceptions to the general mismanage- 
ment of private forests are furnished by some of those 
owned by the nobility, like those of Count Uwaroff with 
150,000 acres under model management by a German 
forester, and of Count Strogonoff with over 1,000,000 
acres under first-class organization with a staff of over 
280 persons. 
A regular forest organization was first attempted in 
the forests attached to iron furnace properties in 1840. 
By this time some 100 million acres have come under 
regulated management, half of the area being crown 
forests. The method of regulation employed is that of 
area division and sometimes area allotment according to 
Cotta. In some regions a division by rides into com- 
partments ranging from 60 to 4,000 acres, according to 
intensity of exploitation, has been effected. It is esti- 
mated that at the present rate of progress it would take 
300 years to complete the work of organization. 
The selection method is still largely employed, a 
felling budget by number of trees and volume being 
determined in the incompletely organized areas; while 
a clearing system with artificial reforestation is used in 
