Forest Practice. 233 
most cases where a complete yield calculation has been 
made. The rotations employed are from 80 to 100 
years for timber forest, 30 to 60 years for coppice. 
In the pineries the strip system in echelons is mostly 
in vogue, the strips being made 180 feet wide, leaving 
four seed trees per acre, and on the last strip, which is 
left standing for five years, this number is increased to 
eight which are left as overholders. This method seems 
to secure satisfactory reproduction. To get rid of 
undesirable species, especially aspen and birch, these 
are girdled. In spruce forest, 50 to 60 per cent. of the 
trees are left in the fellings, when after three to four 
years the natural regeneration requires often repair, 
which is done by bunch planting ; after eight to ten years 
the balance of the old growth is removed. 
While for a long time natural regeneration was alone 
telied upon, now, at least, artificial assistance is more 
and more frequently practiced. Yet, although over 
2 million acres were under clearing system, not more 
than 5% of the revenue, or $100,000, was in 1898 
allowed for planting as against 7.5% in Prussia; the 
total budget of expenses then remaining below 3 million 
dollars. 
Within the last few years a new law (1897) inaugu- 
rates a method of securing the means of more intensive 
reforestation by making the wood merchants, who buy 
stumpage on government lands, clear the ground and 
plant it. To insure compliance with this condition, a 
deposit of $2 to $4 per acre is exacted. We are not 
informed as to results from this law. 
The forest administration of the province of Poland, 
where the State owns over 1.5 million acres was for some 
