244 Scandinavian States. 
In 1397 by the Calmar convention, a more permanent 
union was effected between Sweden and Norway, lasting 
till 1448, when Norway became a dependency of Den- 
mark; then, after another period of variable fortunes, 
Sweden about 1523 became an independent constitu- 
tional monarchy under Gustav Vasa, and Norway re- 
mained joined to Denmark under Frederick I. 
Sweden then started on a career of conquest, being 
almost continuously at war with all her neighbors and es- 
pecially with Russia and Poland, whereby, especially 
under Gustavus Adolphus and the adventurous Charles 
XII, her territory was greatly enlarged. With the 
treaties of Stockholm and Nystadt (1720 and 1721) she 
came into more peaceful waters, but permanent peace 
and a settled policy was not attained until the election of 
Bernadotte, one of Napoleon’s administrators, to the 
kingship and the peace of Kiel in 1814, whereby Sweden 
became a constitutional hereditary monarchy in the mod- 
ern sense. At the same time Norway was taken away 
from Denmark and forced to a union with Sweden, 
which persisted until this very year, when a peaceful 
separation took place by the action of the Norwegian 
people. The union has always been. hateful to the 
Norwegians, although only the king and the department 
of foreign affairs (in which Norway is represented by a 
delegation from its Council) were in common, all other 
matters of administration being separate as well as the 
parliaments (Storthing in Norway, and Riksdag in 
Sweden). 
Denmark did not become a constitutional monarchy 
until 1849. 
