Education. 259 
ferous composition and the dry summers in the northern 
part together with the methods of lumbering are respon- 
sible for the conflagrations. 
4. Education and Literature. 
Among the propagandist literature, which had ad- 
vanced the introduction of forestry ideas in Sweden it is 
proper to mention the writings of Israel Adolf of Strém, 
who after extensive travels in Germany established 
the first private forest school in 1823 and was instru- 
mental in securing the establishment of the State For- 
estry Institute in Stockholm. 
In regard to education a most liberal policy prevails. 
At the Institute the tuition is free and in addition 4 
students receive scholarships of 250 dollars per year, 
appointment to assistantships follows immediately after 
promotion, and in 10 years the position of jigmiastare 
may be attained. The number of students is limited 
to 30. 
The director of this school is also general adviser in 
forestry matters. Besides the director six professors are 
employed. The course at this school is two years of 11 
full months. 
There are now a higher and a lower course, the former 
requiring previous graduation from another preparatory 
forest school, either the one at Omberg (founded 1886), 
or that at Kloten (1900), where a one-year course, main- 
ly in practical work, is given. 
For the lower service there are not less than 6 schools 
in various parts of the country each with one teacher and 
assistants, managed under a chief of range. In these 
not only is tuition free but 10 pupils receive also board 
and lodging ; the course lasting 8 months. 
